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The Indians Amazonia lived for centuries of shifting cultivation, fishing, hunting and collecting forest products. In the transition zone between the Amazon forest and the "closed" (savanna), the Kayapo Indians have planted some native species, with the aim, inter alia, to increase their sources of wood and wood products

Brazilian Portuguese occupation began around 1500. Long after the arrival of white settlers, rubber and Brazil nuts became the first non-timber forest products in Amazonia extensively exploited for commercial purposes. The labor required to extract the rubber from Hevea brasiliensis in native forests was recruited mainly in the northeast of Brazil. More than half a million people immigrated to the Amazon since 1840 to work as rubber tappers. The mixture of these settlers and their descendants with the Indians, and their adaptation to local conditions gave rise to new communities, mainly from coastal towns caboclos or (Franco, 1995). Despite repeated clashes in the past between these new communities and the Indians, first learned of the second variety of techniques and knowledge of the forest, plants, crops, wildlife, fishing, shifting cultivation, medicinal plants, etc.

Even today the rural population of Amazonia (particularly caboclos and Indians) depends heavily on forest resources, particularly of non-timber products used for food, clothing, shelter, etc. In pre-Columbian times Indians had a limited ability to cut down trees with primitive tools. To build their homes, using small amounts of hardwood and rich clubs, parties palm trunks (not serrated), leaves and palm fiber and thin vines. Shortly after the arrival of the first Portuguese, the Indians had access to better tools like machetes and axes, and more recently, in some cases, chain saws. With them, the Indians and caboclos significantly increased the number of species exploited for both subsistence and commercial.

trees and shrubs in the riparian forests contribute both to the livelihoods of local people, who eat their fruits and leaves, and to maintaining good environmental conditions. In the forests of the lowlands and highlands, fruits and edible seeds or nuts, flowers and insects say wild animals of their food. Many Amazonian communities, particularly those who maintain their ancient traditions, depend on hunting and fishing practice with due respect for the principles of sustainability. When these traditions are lost or ignored, hunting and fishing take on the increasingly harmful and destructive to the resource base

traditional communities Amazon practiced shifting cultivation and take advantage of the fallow period between crop cycles to obtain the desired products. ... The fruit trees are limited to species that bear fruit in the first or second year, like papaya and chonta early varieties of which are unknown to each other more sedentary tribes

In the same region, the Redwood change less often the site of their villages. At each site, and burning brush, planting fruit trees and palm trees that bear fruit after three or four years. These trees continue to grow during the fallow, redwood and periodically return to these lands for hunting and collecting fruits. This practice is a first step towards management through forest fallow.

planting trees (eg, chontas) burned plots or recent fallows is one of the systems of the various tribes to acquire usufruct rights, which give preference who plant trees to cut, burn and use the old fallow in a new agricultural cycle.

Bora Indians of the Peruvian Amazon improve some of its burned plots with fruit trees and multipurpose living many years. The practice bora also occasionally weeding and selective thinning to facilitate the growth of species valuable timber in these fallow, such as mahogany and cedar in Spain. The visit bora fallow from time to time to collect these products for local consumption. Commercial timber and sell surplus fruit.

not far from Iquitos in the Peruvian Amazon, the tanshiyacu practice intensive management by fallow for commercial products. Burned plots planted some of the species that also use the Bora Indians and other perennials such as Brazil nut, cashew and yuyu palm (fruit sold in Iquitos, palm, meat and hides of hunted animals, and charcoal . that occurs when it clears e] old fallow (with a length of 25 to 50 years) to be earmarked for temporary agriculture.

The Cajari basin (Western Amapá, in the Brazilian Amazon), farmers planted bordering Brazil nuts in their temporary camps within walking distance of where they live. This will avoid long trips to the great masses of Brazil nuts, much older, situated beyond the river rapids.

However, destructive logging is increasingly common in the Amazon. Some tree species can considered endangered and c subject to severe genetic erosion rosewood, rich in linalool, medicinal bark trees and trees that produce commercial resins or resinous oils yuyu masses or palm chonta rosary are subject to local overexploitation and sometimes entire groves are cut to tap the palm.

other hand, is conducting a research and development in the Amazon, especially in the states of Pará and Amapá, where various projects promoted by NGOs and universities - are promoting the management of secondary forests of marsh Euterpe palm-dominated.

is necessary to encourage the practice of improved fallow. consisting of selective planting of perennial species in burned plots in the Amazon border areas where newcomers are unaware of their productive potential.

commercial timber resources of the forests floodplains of the Amazon delta and land - adjacent flooded low have been exploited since the sixties. Timber harvesting has left gaps, large and small, that have been colonized by the palm Euterpe oleracea. This species is highly valued by local people, taking advantage of their seeds, Oil and branches. Management practices of local communities in this river; secondary masses have been studied to assess their sustainability

socio-economic importance in the state of Maranhão and Pará in the South, the babassu palm plays a crucial role in regional economy . This species has formed secondary masses' almost pure covering an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 100000 km2 in areas where mountain fires in moderately fertile soil and a structure between good and excellent primary forest had been destroyed. These locations are preferred for shifting cultivation, but even that process has significantly reduced the density of babassu palms (about 50 per ha), has not eliminated altogether. The burning of the palms cut provides a lot of ash, which ensures good performance of seasonal crops. The fruits of babassu oil consumed in the households or sold in the market. From the seeds is extracted on an industrial scale oil used directly or processed into soap and margarine. The Babassu oil extraction industry is the largest in the world based entirely on a wild species. Babassu palm charcoal is also produced high quality feed for cattle and other domestic animals. Also exist in other parts of secondary forests in the Brazilian Amazon with a significant predominance of babassu

communities of the Amazon (Indians and caboclos) have significantly altered forest landscape, whether primary or secondary forest. Planting of annual crops for short punished in the spaces left in the forests has led in many cases the formation of oligarchic forests, that is dominated by a very limited number of tree species. Almost all of these species are good colonizers and grow easily in such spaces.

In many parts of the Amazon forests abound old high-rise with a remarkable predominance of Brazil nut tree, whose fruits are great nutritional value and palatability. These features should make it a favorite of the forest food of the occupants of the region since ancient times, other authors suggest that almost all natural bodies of Brazil nuts were planted by American Indians. The agouti is a local agent of the Brazil nut spread, but it would be very difficult for viable seeds have been able to cross large rivers, for example, some wild castanhais the region around Maraba (Para South) seem to be the result of a more complex manipulation of the indigenous forest by man. In these stands, all Para chestnut recent but, on the other hand, almost all species of the dominant story, co-dominant and dominated produce fruits that are eaten by humans and wildlife, and much of lower level species are medicinal

Until recently, the development of models of development for the Amazon involved a choice between a very limited number of possibilities very different: to preserve native forests in its current state, as conservation units, slash and burn these forests to make room for agriculture or livestock, converting native forests ordered masses but less diverse, for wood production and based on natural regeneration and planting of improvement, and converting native forests to plantation forests, native or exotic species (eg large-scale forest plantations in Jari for the pulp industry and paper.)

Inadequate human and financial support makes the maintenance and protection of native forests in the Amazon. The costs of protecting these forests can be reduced if the local population plays an important role in conservation. Extractive reserves in Amazonia have been created by the Brazilian government on land forested public domain for the local population make sustainable use of forest resources. These reserves are established on public lands on which rights are granted long-term collective communities exploiting non-timber forest products. Extractive reserves reconcile respect for the historical forms of occupation and land use development activities that seek to improve the socioeconomic conditions of local population, while the task of conservation of forests remains under public control . Extractive reserves covering an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 3 million hectares of the Brazilian Amazon. in which 25 percent some land has set conditions for such stocks.

Before the creation of these reserves, mining activities were developed on a large scale to meet commercial demand for forest products. These activities produce huge profits to a limited number of commercial and powerful families, while forest communities participating in the process is still benefiting from them

Thanks to the progressive establishment of extractive reserves in supported by a broad coalition of governmental and nongovernmental has ensured that local people receive a larger share of benefits. The Cooperative agroextractive Xapuri (Acre), founded in 1989 by rubber, is a good example. The cooperative pays fair prices for Brazil nuts to forest dwellers, who are responsible for the initial phase of processing, while the final phase is in charge of the cooperative, which also employs local people. Chestnuts dried and vacuum packed sold in Brazil and other countries.

Today, the viability of extractive reserves in the Amazon depends on too few products, mainly rubber and Brazil nuts. The long-term survival of these reserves is subject to the diversification of mining activities oriented to the market (including logging), training of local people in sustainable forest management and agroforestry, and increasing participation local population in the development and commercialization of products. For example, the decline in the price of raw latex has led some rubber to transform this product into a "vegetable leather" with which manufactured various products (handbags, wallets, etc.) That provide significant added value, but whose sales are limited.

Today, the only sustainable mining activities are those relating to Brazil nuts and rubber in the forests under the control of their traditional communities. In the state of Rondônia, where they have been open to large tracts of forest colonization, immigrants from other regions have been cut and sold under the false name of cedrinho many Brazil nuts have become legally protected land in farms for cattle breeding beef.

Amazonian forests provide a wide variety of non-wood products have long been exploited by the Indians and later mind, from the middle of last century, settlers in the Amazon. The knowledge of the species, the various products and their use is in itself an important resource. It is urgent to save the traditional knowledge that until now has not been given enough attention and recognize its potential importance for the development of the Amazon. This knowledge, experienced long and adapted to local conditions should be protected and used for the benefit of current development activities as they can be of great value to increase sustainability of production and maintain quality of the environment.

Many mistakes in development plans, past and present to the Amazon region could have been prevented if they had made more attempts to combine the traditions and indigenous technical knowledge and scientific technology. "Before I commend the introduction of a currency is impossible or impracticable, all podernos learn in greater or lesser degree in cultural anthropology"



Information rescued the study entitled "Use of wood products and non-wood by the inhabitants of Amazonian forest "by JCL Dubois. Jean
CL. Dubois is President of the Brazilian Agroforestry Network, a non governmental non profit organization that has its headquarters in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.


note: For all non-timber plant products collected from the Amazon traditional forest communities identifying their species, characteristics and applications, be sure to check this link: "Amazon. vegetables and tradition .. "